{
 "generated": "2026-10-18",
 "rows": {
  "AL": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 216600,
    "high": 233300,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Alabama median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($216,600 and $233,300)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.36,
    "high": 0.38,
    "mid": 0.38,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $890) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $233,300) for Alabama, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 684,
    "high": 1167,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $684 (Table 4, PDF p. 36; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,167 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/alabama). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 5.5,
    "high": 7.6,
    "mid": 7.6,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Alabama: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 49,768 / (598,257 + 10,157 + 49,768) = 7.6%; ACS 2023 = 5.5%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "AK": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 347500,
    "high": 376500,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Alaska median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($347,500 and $376,500)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 1.06,
    "high": 1.07,
    "mid": 1.06,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $3,976) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $376,500) for Alaska, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 482,
    "high": 1891,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $482 (Table 4, PDF p. 38; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,891 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/alaska). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 6.3,
    "high": 6.7,
    "mid": 6.7,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Alaska: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 6,632 / (91,753 + 820 + 6,632) = 6.7%; ACS 2023 = 6.3%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "AZ": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 411200,
    "high": 426000,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Arizona median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($411,200 and $426,000)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.43,
    "high": 0.44,
    "mid": 0.43,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $1,828) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $426,000) for Arizona, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 636,
    "high": 1024,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $636 (Table 4, PDF p. 40; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,024 (https://www.steadily.com/states/arizona). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 6.8,
    "high": 7.2,
    "mid": 6.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Arizona: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 70,784 / (961,653 + 10,619 + 70,784) = 6.8%; ACS 2023 = 7.2%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "AR": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 195700,
    "high": 215600,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Arkansas median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($195,700 and $215,600)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.52,
    "high": 0.53,
    "mid": 0.52,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $1,113) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $215,600) for Arkansas, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 571,
    "high": 1457,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $571 (Table 4, PDF p. 42; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,457 (https://www.steadily.com/states/arkansas). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 6,
    "high": 6.1,
    "mid": 6,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Arkansas: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 26,352 / (410,057 + 5,546 + 26,352) = 6%; ACS 2023 = 6.1%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "CA": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 725800,
    "high": 759500,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "California median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($725,800 and $759,500)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.7,
    "high": 0.71,
    "mid": 0.71,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $5,369) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $759,500) for California, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 1194,
    "high": 1697,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $1,697 (Table 4, PDF p. 44; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,194 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/california). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 4.3,
    "high": 4.3,
    "mid": 4.3,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for California: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 273,029 / (6,095,762 + 43,951 + 273,029) = 4.3%; ACS 2023 = 4.3%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "CO": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 550300,
    "high": 574600,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Colorado median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($550,300 and $574,600)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.47,
    "high": 0.49,
    "mid": 0.49,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $2,828) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $574,600) for Colorado, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 964,
    "high": 1655,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $964 (Table 4, PDF p. 46; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,655 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/colorado). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 4.6,
    "high": 4.8,
    "mid": 4.6,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Colorado: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 40,653 / (844,547 + 7,392 + 40,653) = 4.6%; ACS 2023 = 4.8%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "CT": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 367800,
    "high": 396900,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Connecticut median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($367,800 and $396,900)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 1.66,
    "high": 1.74,
    "mid": 1.66,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $6,573) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $396,900) for Connecticut, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 1190,
    "high": 2610,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $1,190 (Table 4, PDF p. 48; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $2,610 (https://www.steadily.com/states/connecticut). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 4.3,
    "high": 4.9,
    "mid": 4.3,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Connecticut: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 21,871 / (484,999 + 4,362 + 21,871) = 4.3%; ACS 2023 = 4.9%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "DE": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 359700,
    "high": 371600,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Delaware median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($359,700 and $371,600)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.47,
    "high": 0.48,
    "mid": 0.47,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $1,750) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $371,600) for Delaware, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 478,
    "high": 1419,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $478 (Table 4, PDF p. 50; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,419 (https://www.steadily.com/states/delaware). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 5.3,
    "high": 7.6,
    "mid": 7.6,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Delaware: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 8,913 / (108,115 + 920 + 8,913) = 7.6%; ACS 2023 = 5.3%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "DC": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 715500,
    "high": 733400,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "District of Columbia median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($715,500 and $733,400)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.63,
    "high": 0.63,
    "mid": 0.63,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $4,594) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $733,400) for District of Columbia, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 365,
    "high": 365,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4)",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Dwelling-fire policy only; full landlord policies usually cost more. Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $365 (Table 4, PDF p. 52; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts). Steadily does not publish a median for this state, so the range collapses to the NAIC dwelling fire average; a full landlord policy with liability typically costs more."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 4.7,
    "high": 6.7,
    "mid": 6.7,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for District of Columbia: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 14,166 / (194,851 + 2,229 + 14,166) = 6.7%; ACS 2023 = 4.7%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "FL": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 381000,
    "high": 396900,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Florida median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($381,000 and $396,900)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.73,
    "high": 0.75,
    "mid": 0.75,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $2,993) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $396,900) for Florida, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 950,
    "high": 2404,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $950 (Table 4, PDF p. 54; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $2,404 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/florida). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 7.6,
    "high": 8.4,
    "mid": 8.4,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Florida: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 271,527 / (2,921,559 + 30,928 + 271,527) = 8.4%; ACS 2023 = 7.6%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "GA": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 323000,
    "high": 343300,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Georgia median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($323,000 and $343,300)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.74,
    "high": 0.74,
    "mid": 0.74,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $2,554) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $343,300) for Georgia, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 741,
    "high": 1433,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $741 (Table 4, PDF p. 56; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,433 (https://www.steadily.com/states/georgia). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 7.4,
    "high": 7.7,
    "mid": 7.7,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Georgia: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 120,750 / (1,422,323 + 22,113 + 120,750) = 7.7%; ACS 2023 = 7.4%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "HI": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 846400,
    "high": 875900,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Hawaii median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($846,400 and $875,900)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.27,
    "high": 0.27,
    "mid": 0.27,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $2,385) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $875,900) for Hawaii, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 643,
    "high": 3247,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $643 (Table 4, PDF p. 58; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $3,247 (https://www.steadily.com/states/hawaii). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 5.9,
    "high": 8.6,
    "mid": 5.9,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Hawaii: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 12,095 / (189,125 + 2,325 + 12,095) = 5.9%; ACS 2023 = 8.6%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "ID": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 428600,
    "high": 446400,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Idaho median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($428,600 and $446,400)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.43,
    "high": 0.49,
    "mid": 0.43,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $1,912) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $446,400) for Idaho, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 671,
    "high": 892,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $671 (Table 4, PDF p. 60; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $892 (https://www.steadily.com/states/idaho). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 4.1,
    "high": 4.8,
    "mid": 4.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Idaho: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 10,780 / (212,713 + 3,005 + 10,780) = 4.8%; ACS 2023 = 4.1%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "IL": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 263300,
    "high": 280700,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Illinois median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($263,300 and $280,700)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 1.92,
    "high": 1.93,
    "mid": 1.92,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $5,399) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $280,700) for Illinois, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 888,
    "high": 1313,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $888 (Table 4, PDF p. 62; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,313 (https://www.steadily.com/states/illinois). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 4.1,
    "high": 4.2,
    "mid": 4.2,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Illinois: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 73,290 / (1,655,487 + 12,332 + 73,290) = 4.2%; ACS 2023 = 4.1%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "IN": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 225900,
    "high": 243500,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Indiana median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($225,900 and $243,500)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.73,
    "high": 0.74,
    "mid": 0.74,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $1,798) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $243,500) for Indiana, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 753,
    "high": 1069,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $753 (Table 4, PDF p. 64; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,069 (https://www.steadily.com/states/indiana). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 5.2,
    "high": 5.7,
    "mid": 5.2,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Indiana: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 45,521 / (812,741 + 14,173 + 45,521) = 5.2%; ACS 2023 = 5.7%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "IA": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 213300,
    "high": 227300,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Iowa median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($213,300 and $227,300)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 1.29,
    "high": 1.33,
    "mid": 1.29,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $2,937) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $227,300) for Iowa, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 641,
    "high": 1270,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $641 (Table 4, PDF p. 66; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,270 (https://www.steadily.com/states/iowa). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 5.2,
    "high": 5.7,
    "mid": 5.7,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Iowa: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 23,431 / (385,209 + 1,758 + 23,431) = 5.7%; ACS 2023 = 5.2%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "KS": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 219800,
    "high": 238700,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Kansas median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($219,800 and $238,700)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 1.25,
    "high": 1.25,
    "mid": 1.25,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $2,983) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $238,700) for Kansas, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 391,
    "high": 1568,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $391 (Table 4, PDF p. 68; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,568 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/kansas). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 5.3,
    "high": 5.8,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Kansas: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 23,798 / (384,119 + 3,684 + 23,798) = 5.8%; ACS 2023 = 5.3%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "KY": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 211800,
    "high": 226000,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Kentucky median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($211,800 and $226,000)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.71,
    "high": 0.72,
    "mid": 0.71,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $1,611) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $226,000) for Kentucky, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 449,
    "high": 1646,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $449 (Table 4, PDF p. 70; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,646 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/kentucky). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 4.2,
    "high": 4.5,
    "mid": 4.2,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Kentucky: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 26,410 / (594,712 + 3,975 + 26,410) = 4.2%; ACS 2023 = 4.5%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "LA": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 215600,
    "high": 223200,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Louisiana median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($215,600 and $223,200)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.53,
    "high": 0.54,
    "mid": 0.53,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $1,187) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $223,200) for Louisiana, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 1906,
    "high": 2561,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $1,906 (Table 4, PDF p. 72; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $2,561 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/louisiana). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 8,
    "high": 8.1,
    "mid": 8.1,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Louisiana: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 52,844 / (590,367 + 7,889 + 52,844) = 8.1%; ACS 2023 = 8%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "ME": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 310700,
    "high": 341900,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Maine median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($310,700 and $341,900)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.91,
    "high": 0.93,
    "mid": 0.91,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $3,103) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $341,900) for Maine, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 549,
    "high": 1349,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $549 (Table 4, PDF p. 74; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,349 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/maine). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 3.6,
    "high": 4.2,
    "mid": 3.6,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Maine: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 6,209 / (164,145 + 2,005 + 6,209) = 3.6%; ACS 2023 = 4.2%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "MD": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 413600,
    "high": 436300,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Maryland median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($413,600 and $436,300)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.95,
    "high": 0.95,
    "mid": 0.95,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $4,144) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $436,300) for Maryland, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 778,
    "high": 1149,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $778 (Table 4, PDF p. 76; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,149 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/maryland). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 4.8,
    "high": 5.1,
    "mid": 4.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Maryland: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 39,757 / (773,227 + 7,407 + 39,757) = 4.8%; ACS 2023 = 5.1%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "MA": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 570800,
    "high": 607400,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Massachusetts median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($570,800 and $607,400)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 1,
    "high": 1.02,
    "mid": 1,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $6,080) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $607,400) for Massachusetts, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 1000,
    "high": 1963,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $1,000 (Table 4, PDF p. 78; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,963 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/massachusetts). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 3.6,
    "high": 3.8,
    "mid": 3.6,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Massachusetts: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 40,159 / (1,064,480 + 10,155 + 40,159) = 3.6%; ACS 2023 = 3.8%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "MI": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 236100,
    "high": 254200,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Michigan median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($236,100 and $254,200)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 1.18,
    "high": 1.2,
    "mid": 1.18,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $2,988) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $254,200) for Michigan, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 1033,
    "high": 1164,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $1,033 (Table 4, PDF p. 80; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,164 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/michigan). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 5.7,
    "high": 5.7,
    "mid": 5.7,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Michigan: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 66,574 / (1,096,483 + 13,686 + 66,574) = 5.7%; ACS 2023 = 5.7%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "MN": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 328600,
    "high": 344600,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Minnesota median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($328,600 and $344,600)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 1.01,
    "high": 1.02,
    "mid": 1.02,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $3,501) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $344,600) for Minnesota, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 570,
    "high": 1469,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $570 (Table 4, PDF p. 82; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,469 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/minnesota). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 5.5,
    "high": 5.7,
    "mid": 5.7,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Minnesota: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 40,660 / (671,007 + 4,868 + 40,660) = 5.7%; ACS 2023 = 5.5%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "MS": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 169800,
    "high": 186500,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Mississippi median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($169,800 and $186,500)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.65,
    "high": 0.69,
    "mid": 0.65,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $1,221) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $186,500) for Mississippi, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 1415,
    "high": 2524,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $2,524 (Table 4, PDF p. 84; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,415 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/mississippi). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 7.1,
    "high": 8.1,
    "mid": 7.1,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Mississippi: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 26,815 / (347,008 + 3,335 + 26,815) = 7.1%; ACS 2023 = 8.1%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "MO": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 233600,
    "high": 254400,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Missouri median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($233,600 and $254,400)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.79,
    "high": 0.82,
    "mid": 0.79,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $2,021) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $254,400) for Missouri, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 694,
    "high": 1324,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $694 (Table 4, PDF p. 86; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,324 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/missouri). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 4.7,
    "high": 5.1,
    "mid": 5.1,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Missouri: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 43,676 / (805,811 + 11,387 + 43,676) = 5.1%; ACS 2023 = 4.7%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "MT": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 392300,
    "high": 425400,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Montana median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($392,300 and $425,400)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.68,
    "high": 0.69,
    "mid": 0.69,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $2,939) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $425,400) for Montana, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 823,
    "high": 1223,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $823 (Table 4, PDF p. 88; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,223 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/montana). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 4.3,
    "high": 4.9,
    "mid": 4.9,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Montana: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 7,667 / (147,248 + 1,587 + 7,667) = 4.9%; ACS 2023 = 4.3%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "NE": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 245200,
    "high": 263100,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Nebraska median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($245,200 and $263,100)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 1.42,
    "high": 1.44,
    "mid": 1.42,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $3,739) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $263,100) for Nebraska, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 739,
    "high": 1546,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $739 (Table 4, PDF p. 90; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,546 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/nebraska). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 3.6,
    "high": 3.7,
    "mid": 3.7,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Nebraska: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 10,638 / (274,595 + 1,357 + 10,638) = 3.7%; ACS 2023 = 3.6%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "NV": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 441100,
    "high": 455500,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Nevada median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($441,100 and $455,500)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.46,
    "high": 0.47,
    "mid": 0.47,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $2,143) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $455,500) for Nevada, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 541,
    "high": 807,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $541 (Table 4, PDF p. 92; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $807 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/nevada). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 6.8,
    "high": 7.2,
    "mid": 7.2,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Nevada: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 38,568 / (494,081 + 4,412 + 38,568) = 7.2%; ACS 2023 = 6.8%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "NH": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 415400,
    "high": 458800,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "New Hampshire median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($415,400 and $458,800)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 1.46,
    "high": 1.51,
    "mid": 1.46,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $6,707) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $458,800) for New Hampshire, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 715,
    "high": 1611,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $715 (Table 4, PDF p. 94; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,611 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/new-hampshire). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 3.8,
    "high": 4.7,
    "mid": 3.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for New Hampshire: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 6,299 / (156,544 + 2,459 + 6,299) = 3.8%; ACS 2023 = 4.7%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "NJ": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 461000,
    "high": 496000,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "New Jersey median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($461,000 and $496,000)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 1.89,
    "high": 1.99,
    "mid": 1.89,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $9,358) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $496,000) for New Jersey, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 691,
    "high": 691,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4)",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Dwelling-fire policy only; full landlord policies usually cost more. Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $691 (Table 4, PDF p. 96; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts). Steadily does not publish a median for this state, so the range collapses to the NAIC dwelling fire average; a full landlord policy with liability typically costs more."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 3,
    "high": 3.7,
    "mid": 3.7,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for New Jersey: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 49,442 / (1,279,124 + 7,863 + 49,442) = 3.7%; ACS 2023 = 3%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "NM": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 256300,
    "high": 279900,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "New Mexico median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($256,300 and $279,900)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.63,
    "high": 0.67,
    "mid": 0.63,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $1,776) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $279,900) for New Mexico, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 958,
    "high": 1152,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $958 (Table 4, PDF p. 98; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,152 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/new-mexico). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 5,
    "high": 6.8,
    "mid": 6.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for New Mexico: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 18,263 / (247,984 + 1,684 + 18,263) = 6.8%; ACS 2023 = 5%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "NY": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 420200,
    "high": 449800,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "New York median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($420,200 and $449,800)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 1.45,
    "high": 1.51,
    "mid": 1.45,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $6,542) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $449,800) for New York, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 649,
    "high": 1641,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $649 (Table 4, PDF p. 100; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,641 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/new-york). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 3.4,
    "high": 3.8,
    "mid": 3.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for New York: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 143,289 / (3,575,503 + 38,585 + 143,289) = 3.8%; ACS 2023 = 3.4%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "NC": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 308600,
    "high": 333000,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "North Carolina median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($308,600 and $333,000)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.61,
    "high": 0.61,
    "mid": 0.61,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $2,044) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $333,000) for North Carolina, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 372,
    "high": 1086,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $372 (Table 4, PDF p. 102; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,086 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/north-carolina). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 6.4,
    "high": 7.4,
    "mid": 7.4,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for North Carolina: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 120,612 / (1,491,646 + 19,516 + 120,612) = 7.4%; ACS 2023 = 6.4%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "ND": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 246700,
    "high": 266100,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "North Dakota median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($246,700 and $266,100)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.96,
    "high": 1,
    "mid": 0.96,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $2,550) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $266,100) for North Dakota, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 517,
    "high": 1382,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $517 (Table 4, PDF p. 104; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,382 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/north-dakota). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 3.2,
    "high": 7.6,
    "mid": 3.2,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for North Dakota: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 4,548 / (135,819 + 482 + 4,548) = 3.2%; ACS 2023 = 7.6%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "OH": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 220200,
    "high": 239800,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Ohio median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($220,200 and $239,800)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 1.22,
    "high": 1.25,
    "mid": 1.22,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $2,937) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $239,800) for Ohio, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 790,
    "high": 1205,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $790 (Table 4, PDF p. 106; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,205 (https://www.steadily.com/states/ohio). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 4.7,
    "high": 4.8,
    "mid": 4.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Ohio: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 80,867 / (1,577,508 + 19,649 + 80,867) = 4.8%; ACS 2023 = 4.7%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "OK": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 208600,
    "high": 222100,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Oklahoma median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($208,600 and $222,100)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.75,
    "high": 0.76,
    "mid": 0.75,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $1,672) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $222,100) for Oklahoma, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 782,
    "high": 1497,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $782 (Table 4, PDF p. 108; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,497 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/oklahoma). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 5.9,
    "mid": 5.9,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Oklahoma: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 35,003 / (550,566 + 4,340 + 35,003) = 5.9%; ACS 2023 = 5.8%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "OR": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 484800,
    "high": 497500,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Oregon median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($484,800 and $497,500)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.77,
    "high": 0.78,
    "mid": 0.78,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $3,895) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $497,500) for Oregon, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 886,
    "high": 1092,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $886 (Table 4, PDF p. 110; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,092 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/oregon). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 4.6,
    "high": 5.1,
    "mid": 5.1,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Oregon: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 34,949 / (643,365 + 4,700 + 34,949) = 5.1%; ACS 2023 = 4.6%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "PA": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 259900,
    "high": 277600,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Pennsylvania median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($259,900 and $277,600)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 1.16,
    "high": 1.21,
    "mid": 1.16,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $3,214) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $277,600) for Pennsylvania, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 539,
    "high": 1180,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $539 (Table 4, PDF p. 112; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,180 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/pennsylvania). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 4.8,
    "high": 4.9,
    "mid": 4.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Pennsylvania: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 84,744 / (1,647,768 + 21,746 + 84,744) = 4.8%; ACS 2023 = 4.9%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "RI": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 411800,
    "high": 455700,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Rhode Island median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($411,800 and $455,700)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 1.07,
    "high": 1.13,
    "mid": 1.07,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $4,886) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $455,700) for Rhode Island, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 1185,
    "high": 2510,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $1,185 (Table 4, PDF p. 114; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $2,510 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/rhode-island). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 3.8,
    "high": 4.5,
    "mid": 3.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Rhode Island: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 6,480 / (163,639 + 2,039 + 6,480) = 3.8%; ACS 2023 = 4.5%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "SC": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 272900,
    "high": 299500,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "South Carolina median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($272,900 and $299,500)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.45,
    "high": 0.45,
    "mid": 0.45,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $1,337) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $299,500) for South Carolina, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 564,
    "high": 1192,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $564 (Table 4, PDF p. 116; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,192 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/south-carolina). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 7.9,
    "high": 8.3,
    "mid": 7.9,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for South Carolina: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 53,357 / (615,532 + 9,436 + 53,357) = 7.9%; ACS 2023 = 8.3%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "SD": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 268200,
    "high": 289600,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "South Dakota median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($268,200 and $289,600)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 1.01,
    "high": 1.02,
    "mid": 1.02,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $2,940) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $289,600) for South Dakota, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 524,
    "high": 1481,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $524 (Table 4, PDF p. 118; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,481 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/south-dakota). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 5.5,
    "high": 7.1,
    "mid": 7.1,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for South Dakota: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 9,280 / (121,224 + 612 + 9,280) = 7.1%; ACS 2023 = 5.5%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "TN": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 307300,
    "high": 332600,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Tennessee median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($307,300 and $332,600)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.45,
    "high": 0.46,
    "mid": 0.45,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $1,488) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $332,600) for Tennessee, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 655,
    "high": 1197,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $655 (Table 4, PDF p. 120; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,197 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/tennessee). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 5.9,
    "high": 6.7,
    "mid": 6.7,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Tennessee: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 69,998 / (971,761 + 10,563 + 69,998) = 6.7%; ACS 2023 = 5.9%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "TX": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 296900,
    "high": 313200,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Texas median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($296,900 and $313,200)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 1.31,
    "high": 1.44,
    "mid": 1.31,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $4,108) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $313,200) for Texas, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 1226,
    "high": 1714,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $1,226 (Table 4, PDF p. 122; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,714 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/texas). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 8,
    "high": 8.5,
    "mid": 8.5,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Texas: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 403,162 / (4,314,892 + 51,155 + 403,162) = 8.5%; ACS 2023 = 8%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "UT": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 517700,
    "high": 545200,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Utah median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($517,700 and $545,200)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.49,
    "high": 0.5,
    "mid": 0.49,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $2,648) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $545,200) for Utah, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 451,
    "high": 864,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $451 (Table 4, PDF p. 124; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $864 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/utah). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 5.5,
    "high": 6.1,
    "mid": 6.1,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Utah: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 23,578 / (360,409 + 2,814 + 23,578) = 6.1%; ACS 2023 = 5.5%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "VT": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 332000,
    "high": 352800,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Vermont median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($332,000 and $352,800)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 1.42,
    "high": 1.46,
    "mid": 1.42,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $5,026) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $352,800) for Vermont, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 651,
    "high": 1606,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $651 (Table 4, PDF p. 126; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,606 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/vermont). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 2.1,
    "high": 3.5,
    "mid": 2.1,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Vermont: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 1,686 / (76,431 + 718 + 1,686) = 2.1%; ACS 2023 = 3.5%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "VA": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 382900,
    "high": 403500,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Virginia median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($382,900 and $403,500)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.71,
    "high": 0.72,
    "mid": 0.71,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $2,872) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $403,500) for Virginia, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 497,
    "high": 1138,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $497 (Table 4, PDF p. 128; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,138 (https://www.steadily.com/states/virginia). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 4.3,
    "high": 4.9,
    "mid": 4.3,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Virginia: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 51,506 / (1,134,049 + 16,820 + 51,506) = 4.3%; ACS 2023 = 4.9%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "WA": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 576000,
    "high": 602200,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Washington median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($576,000 and $602,200)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.78,
    "high": 0.79,
    "mid": 0.79,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $4,729) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $602,200) for Washington, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 886,
    "high": 1413,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $886 (Table 4, PDF p. 130; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,413 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/washington). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 4.8,
    "high": 5.7,
    "mid": 4.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Washington: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 59,338 / (1,175,739 + 12,760 + 59,338) = 4.8%; ACS 2023 = 5.7%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "WV": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 163700,
    "high": 170800,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "West Virginia median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($163,700 and $170,800)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.51,
    "high": 0.52,
    "mid": 0.52,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $881) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $170,800) for West Virginia, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 612,
    "high": 1130,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $612 (Table 4, PDF p. 132; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,130 (https://www.steadily.com/states/west-virginia). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 5.7,
    "high": 6.3,
    "mid": 5.7,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for West Virginia: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 11,090 / (181,425 + 3,170 + 11,090) = 5.7%; ACS 2023 = 6.3%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "WI": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 272500,
    "high": 294700,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Wisconsin median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($272,500 and $294,700)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 1.25,
    "high": 1.31,
    "mid": 1.25,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $3,680) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $294,700) for Wisconsin, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 605,
    "high": 1038,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $605 (Table 4, PDF p. 134; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,038 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/wisconsin). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 4.3,
    "high": 4.5,
    "mid": 4.3,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Wisconsin: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 36,920 / (811,672 + 8,358 + 36,920) = 4.3%; ACS 2023 = 4.5%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "WY": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 298700,
    "high": 339500,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Wyoming median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($298,700 and $339,500)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.57,
    "high": 0.6,
    "mid": 0.57,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $1,947) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $339,500) for Wyoming, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 1007,
    "high": 1923,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $1,007 (Table 4, PDF p. 136; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,923 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/wyoming). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 3.4,
    "high": 6.6,
    "mid": 3.4,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Wyoming: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 2,567 / (72,606 + 901 + 2,567) = 3.4%; ACS 2023 = 6.6%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "city-new-york-city": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 743000,
    "high": 778600,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "New York City median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($743,000 and $778,600)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.85,
    "high": 0.86,
    "mid": 0.86,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $6,669) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $778,600) for the city of New York City (ACS place 1600000US3651000), owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 649,
    "high": 1641,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "Statewide New York figures; no city-level dwelling fire or landlord premium is published. Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $649 (Table 4, PDF p. 100; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,641 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/new-york). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 2.9,
    "high": 3.7,
    "mid": 3.7,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for New York City: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 88,839 / (2,275,300 + 25,417 + 88,839) = 3.7%; ACS 2023 = 2.9%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "city-los-angeles": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 919900,
    "high": 947900,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Los Angeles median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($919,900 and $947,900)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.65,
    "high": 0.66,
    "mid": 0.65,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $6,146) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $947,900) for the city of Los Angeles (ACS place 1600000US0644000), owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 1194,
    "high": 1697,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "Statewide California figures; no city-level dwelling fire or landlord premium is published. Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $1,697 (Table 4, PDF p. 44; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,194 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/california). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 3.6,
    "high": 4.1,
    "mid": 4.1,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Los Angeles: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 40,769 / (949,439 + 5,547 + 40,769) = 4.1%; ACS 2023 = 3.6%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "city-san-francisco": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 1314700,
    "high": 1348000,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "San Francisco median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($1,348,000 and $1,314,700)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.76,
    "high": 0.76,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid for San Francisco is top-coded at $10,000+ (B25103_001E reported as 10001), so median taxes / median home value ($1,314,700) only gives a floor of 0.76%. No point estimate is published; the true effective rate is at or above the floor. For comparison the California statewide rate is 0.71%."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 1194,
    "high": 1697,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "Statewide California figures; no city-level dwelling fire or landlord premium is published. Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $1,697 (Table 4, PDF p. 44; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,194 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/california). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 5.5,
    "high": 6.7,
    "mid": 6.7,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for San Francisco: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 16,929 / (235,275 + 1,614 + 16,929) = 6.7%; ACS 2023 = 5.5%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "city-chicago": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 318900,
    "high": 341200,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Chicago median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($318,900 and $341,200)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 1.49,
    "high": 1.51,
    "mid": 1.51,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $5,152) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $341,200) for the city of Chicago (ACS place 1600000US1714000), owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 888,
    "high": 1313,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "Statewide Illinois figures; no city-level dwelling fire or landlord premium is published. Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $888 (Table 4, PDF p. 62; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,313 (https://www.steadily.com/states/illinois). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 3.5,
    "high": 3.7,
    "mid": 3.7,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Chicago: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 24,294 / (626,859 + 3,998 + 24,294) = 3.7%; ACS 2023 = 3.5%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "city-washington-dc": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 715500,
    "high": 733400,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Washington, DC median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($715,500 and $733,400)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.63,
    "high": 0.63,
    "mid": 0.63,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $4,594) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $733,400) for Washington, DC, owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios. Washington, DC is coterminous with the District of Columbia, so the city and state rows are the same ACS geography."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 365,
    "high": 365,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4)",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "Dwelling-fire policy only; full landlord policies usually cost more. Statewide District of Columbia figures; no city-level dwelling fire or landlord premium is published. Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $365 (Table 4, PDF p. 52; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts). Steadily does not publish a median for this state, so the range collapses to the NAIC dwelling fire average; a full landlord policy with liability typically costs more."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 4.7,
    "high": 6.7,
    "mid": 6.7,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Washington, DC: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 14,166 / (194,851 + 2,229 + 14,166) = 6.7%; ACS 2023 = 4.7%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "city-houston": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 282400,
    "high": 301200,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Houston median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($282,400 and $301,200)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 1.43,
    "high": 1.5,
    "mid": 1.43,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $4,308) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $301,200) for the city of Houston (ACS place 1600000US4835000), owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 1226,
    "high": 1714,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "Statewide Texas figures; no city-level dwelling fire or landlord premium is published. Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $1,226 (Table 4, PDF p. 122; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,714 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/texas). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 10.1,
    "high": 12,
    "mid": 12,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Houston: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 76,934 / (557,742 + 5,868 + 76,934) = 12%; ACS 2023 = 10.1%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "city-dallas": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 329700,
    "high": 340400,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Dallas median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($329,700 and $340,400)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 1.45,
    "high": 1.59,
    "mid": 1.45,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $4,943) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $340,400) for the city of Dallas (ACS place 1600000US4819000), owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 1226,
    "high": 1714,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "Statewide Texas figures; no city-level dwelling fire or landlord premium is published. Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $1,226 (Table 4, PDF p. 122; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,714 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/texas). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 10,
    "high": 10.8,
    "mid": 10.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Dallas: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 37,907 / (310,458 + 3,546 + 37,907) = 10.8%; ACS 2023 = 10%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "city-atlanta": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 443300,
    "high": 462200,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Atlanta median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($443,300 and $462,200)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.95,
    "high": 1.01,
    "mid": 1.01,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $4,663) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $462,200) for the city of Atlanta (ACS place 1600000US1304000), owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 741,
    "high": 1433,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "Statewide Georgia figures; no city-level dwelling fire or landlord premium is published. Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $741 (Table 4, PDF p. 56; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,433 (https://www.steadily.com/states/georgia). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 12.6,
    "high": 13.1,
    "mid": 12.6,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Atlanta: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 19,024 / (127,924 + 4,318 + 19,024) = 12.6%; ACS 2023 = 13.1%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "city-phoenix": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 441300,
    "high": 454900,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Phoenix median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($441,300 and $454,900)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.4,
    "high": 0.42,
    "mid": 0.4,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $1,816) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $454,900) for the city of Phoenix (ACS place 1600000US0455000), owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 636,
    "high": 1024,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "Statewide Arizona figures; no city-level dwelling fire or landlord premium is published. Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $636 (Table 4, PDF p. 40; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,024 (https://www.steadily.com/states/arizona). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 5.6,
    "high": 6.3,
    "mid": 6.3,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Phoenix: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 18,292 / (267,479 + 2,661 + 18,292) = 6.3%; ACS 2023 = 5.6%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  },
  "city-philadelphia": {
   "home_value": {
    "low": 246600,
    "high": 253600,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, table B25077 (median value, owner-occupied units)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25077.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Philadelphia median value of owner-occupied housing units; low/high are the ACS 2023 and 2024 1-year medians ($246,600 and $253,600)."
   },
   "property_tax_rate": {
    "low": 0.8,
    "high": 0.83,
    "mid": 0.83,
    "unit": "pct_of_value_per_year",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, B25103 median real estate taxes / B25077 median home value (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25103.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived: ACS 2024 1-year median real estate taxes paid (B25103_001E, $2,100) divided by median home value (B25077_001E, $253,600) for the city of Philadelphia (ACS place 1600000US4260000), owner-occupied units. low/high = min/max of the 2023 and 2024 ACS 1-year ratios."
   },
   "insurance": {
    "low": 539,
    "high": 1180,
    "mid": null,
    "unit": "usd_per_year",
    "source": "NAIC 2023 dwelling fire average premium (Table 4) and Steadily published median landlord premium",
    "source_url": "https://content.naic.org/sites/default/files/publication-hmr-zu-homeowners-report.pdf",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "Statewide Pennsylvania figures; no city-level dwelling fire or landlord premium is published. Range spans NAIC 2023 dwelling fire (DW) average premium $539 (Table 4, PDF p. 112; one-family dwelling fire policies, all coverage amounts) and Steadily published median landlord premium $1,180 (https://www.steadily.com/landlord-insurance/pennsylvania). The NAIC figure is the regulators’ statewide average for bare dwelling fire policies; the Steadily figure is an insurer’s median for full landlord (DP-3 style) policies including liability."
   },
   "vacancy": {
    "low": 4.7,
    "high": 5,
    "mid": 4.7,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "Census ACS 2024 1-year, tables B25004 (vacancy status) and B25003 (tenure), rental vacancy rate (derived)",
    "source_url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/acsdt1y2024-b25004.dat",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": true,
    "note": "Derived rental vacancy rate for Philadelphia: vacant for rent / (renter-occupied + rented not occupied + vacant for rent) x 100, the Census HVS definition. ACS 2024: 16,972 / (338,178 + 8,550 + 16,972) = 4.7%; ACS 2023 = 5%. low/high = the two years. Treated as the share of the year the unit sits empty."
   },
   "upkeep": {
    "low": 5.8,
    "high": 22.9,
    "mid": 5.8,
    "unit": "pct_of_rent",
    "source": "NAHB Eye on Housing analysis of the Census Rental Housing Finance Survey (2012 survey, 2011 data): maintenance and repairs per $1,000 of rent, by building age",
    "source_url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2014/01/what-multifamily-properties-are-most-expensive-to-maintain/",
    "checked": "2026-10-18",
    "verified": false,
    "note": "National figure, not specific to this location. NAHB reports maintenance and repair spending of $58 (buildings from the 2000s) to $229 (1970s buildings) per $1,000 of collected rent in the 2012 Rental Housing Finance Survey, i.e. 5.8%-22.9% of rent. Multifamily properties, 2011 spending; no newer published state-level figure found. Expected year uses NAHB’s lowest figure (buildings from the 2000s) as an assumption; the tough year uses the highest (1970s buildings, 22.9%)."
   }
  }
 }
}